D3 layouts help you create more advanced visualisations such as treemaps:
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packed circles:
and network graphs:
In essence a layout is just a JavaScript function that takes your data as input and adds visual variables such as position and size to it.
For example the tree layout takes a hierarchical data structure and adds x
and y
values to each node such that the nodes form a tree-like shape:
D3 has a number of hierarchy layouts for dealing with hierarchical (or tree) data as well as a chord layout (for network flows) and a general purpose force layout (physics-based simulation). https://ameblo.jp/blanoflig-pod8/entry-12650223845.html. We'll cover the force layout in a separate chapter.
(It's also possible to create your own layouts. For example a simple function that adds positional information to an array of data can be considered a layout.)
Hierarchical layouts
D3 has a number of hierarchical layouts to help with visualising hierarchies (or trees) e.g.
In this section we'll look at the tree
, cluster
, treemap
, pack
and partition
layouts. Note that treemap
, pack
and partition
are designed to lay out hierarchies where the nodes have an associated numeric value (e.g. revenue, population etc.).
D3 version 4 requires the hierarchical data to be in the form of a d3.hierarchy
object which we'll cover next.
d3.hierarchy
A d3.hierarchy
object is a data structure that represents a hierarchy. It has a number of functions defined on it for retrieving things like ancestor, descendant and leaf nodes and for computing the path between nodes. It can be created from a nested JavaScript object such as:
Typically you don't need to operate on the hierarchy object itself but there are some useful functions defined on it such as:
root.descendants()
returns a flat array of root
's descendants and root.links()
returns a flat array of objects containing all the parent-child links.
We'll now look at the tree
, cluster
, treemap
, pack
and partition
layouts.
tree layout
The tree
layout arranges the nodes of a hierarchy in a tree like arrangement.
We start by creating the tree layout using:
We can configure the tree's size using .size
:
We can then call treeLayout
, passing in our hierarchy object root
:
This'll write x
and y
values on each node of root
.
We can now:
- use
root.descendants()
to get an array of all the nodes - join this array to circles (or any other type of SVG element)
- use
x
andy
to position the circles
and
- use
root.links()
to get an array of all the links - join the array to line (or path) elements
- use
x
andy
of the link's source and target to position the line
(In the case of root.links()
each array element is an object containing two properties source
and target
which represent the link's source and target nodes.)
cluster layout
The cluster
layout is very similar to the tree
layout the main difference being all leaf nodes are placed at the same depth.
treemap layout
Treemaps were invented by Ben Shneiderman to visually represent hierarchies where each item has an associated value.
For example, we can think of country population data as a hierarchy where the first level represents the region and the next level represents each country. A treemap will represent each country as a rectangle (sized proportionally to the population) and group each region together:
D3's treemap
layout is created using:
As usual we can configure our layout e.g. Movie maker download ios.
The cluster
layout is very similar to the tree
layout the main difference being all leaf nodes are placed at the same depth.
treemap layout
Treemaps were invented by Ben Shneiderman to visually represent hierarchies where each item has an associated value.
For example, we can think of country population data as a hierarchy where the first level represents the region and the next level represents each country. A treemap will represent each country as a rectangle (sized proportionally to the population) and group each region together:
D3's treemap
layout is created using:
As usual we can configure our layout e.g. Movie maker download ios.
Before applying this layout to our hierarchy we must run .sum()
on the hierarchy. This traverses the tree and sets .value
on each node to the sum of its children:
Note that we pass an accessor function into .sum()
to specify which property to sum.
We can now call treemapLayout
, passing in our hierarchy object:
The layout adds 4 properties x0
, x1
, y0
and y1
to each node which specify the dimensions of each rectangle in the treemap.
Now we can join our nodes to rect
elements and update the x
, y
, width
and height
properties of each rect
:
If we'd like labels in each rectangle we could join g
elements to the array and add rect
and text
elements to each g
:
treemap
layouts can be configured in a number of ways:
- the padding around a node's children can be set using
.paddingOuter
- the padding between sibling nodes can be set using
.paddingInner
- outer and inner padding can be set at the same time using
.padding
- the outer padding can also be fine tuned using
.paddingTop
,.paddingBottom
,.paddingLeft
and.paddingRight
.
In the example above paddingTop
is 20 and paddingInner
is 2.
Treemaps can use different tiling strategies and D3 has several built in (treemapBinary
, treemapDice
, treemapSlice
, treemapSliceDice
, treemapSquarify
) and the configuration function .tile
is used to select one:
treemapBinary
strives for a balance between horizontal and vertical partitions, treemapDice
partitions horizontally, treemapSlice
partitions vertically, treemapSliceDice
alternates between horizontal and vertical partioning and treemapSquarify
allows the aspect ratio of the rectangles to be influenced.
The effect of different squarify ratios can be seen here.
pack layout
The pack layout is similar to the tree layout but circles instead of rectangles are used to represent nodes. In the example below each country is represented by a circle (sized according to population) and the countries are grouped by region.
D3's pack
layout is created using:
As usual we can configure its size:
As with the treemap
we must call .sum()
on the hierarchy object root
before applying the pack
layout:
The pack
layout adds x
, y
and r
(for radius) properties to each node.
Now we can add circle
elements for each descendant of root
:
Labels can be added by creating g
elements for each descendant:
The padding around each circle can be configured using .padding()
:
partition layout
The partition
layout subdivides a rectangular space into a layer for each layer of the hierarchy. Each layer is subdivided for each node in the layer:
D3's partition
layout is created using:
As usual we can configure its size:
As with the treemap
we must call .sum()
on the hierarchy object root
and before applying the partition
layout:
The partition
layout adds x0
, x1
, y0
and y1
properties to each node.
We can now add rect
elements for each descendant of root
:
Padding can be added between nodes using .padding()
:
If we'd like to change the orientation of the partition layout so that the layers run left to right we can swap x0
with y0
and x1
with y1
when defining the rect
elements:
We can also map the x
dimension into a rotation angle and y
into a radius to create a sunburst partition: Www bluestacks download for pc.
chord layout
Chord diagrams visualise links (or flows) between a group of nodes, where each flow has a numeric value. For example, they can show migration flows between countries. (Personally I find them difficult to interpret!)
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The data needs to be in the form of an n x n matrix (where n is the number of items):
The first row represents flows from the 1st item to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd items etc.
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We create the layout using:
and we configure it using .padAngle()
(to set the angle between adjacent groups in radians), .sortGroups()
(to specify the order of the groups), .sortSubgroups()
(to sort within each group) and .sortChords()
to determine the z order of the chords.
We apply the layout using:
which returns an array of chords. https://wonrericpuu1979.mystrikingly.com/blog/blender-exe-file. Each element of the array is an object with source
and target
properties. Each source
and target
has startAngle
and endAngle
properties which will define the shape of each chord.
We use the ribbon
shape generator which converts the chord properties into path data (see the Shapes chapter for more information on shape generators).